Values, Ethics, Morality
ValuesValues refer to the important and enduring beliefs or principles, based on which an individual makes judgement in life. Values do not attach judgement of right and wrong to a personal domain. Values refers to something that one consider to have worth in one’s life. For example – being a vegetarian, choosing materialism over spiritualism etc.
Types Intrinsic (Primary) Values which are an end in itself – education for wisdom Instrumental (Secondary) Values which are means to an end – education for job, Gym for toned body
NatureUniversal Which do not change with context or time and remain same always – Love, truth, care, respect, peace Evolving Change with time – Polygamy, Satipratha, LGBT, Parda system, Change with place – Abortion, Food Preference, Collectivism vs individualism Subjective (Relativist) Values which change with the context or situation – Killing vs Euthanasia vs killing in self defence vs capital punishment – Values which can be justified in a particular situation Objective (Absolutist) Absolutists are the people according to whom values do not change with respect to time or context – Killing is killing no matter what Conflicting values in contemporary timesIn contemporary times all the conflicts in this world are due to non-acknowledgment of values of others. People keeping their values above of others, and not respecting the values of others become the cause for widespread differences, mistrust & intolerance in society as well as international sphere.
- Materialism vs spiritualism
- Hierarchy vs egalitarianism
- Capitalism vs socialism
- Globalization vs localization
- Theocratic vs secular state
- Individualism vs collectivism
Fundamentalist When one becomes colorblind that other’s values should not exist (Only his value is right) – ISIS Global conflicts Due to conflict of values – Rising intolerance i.e. not acknowledging others values – USA vs Russia Moral Polishing Value conflicts – Bajrang dal on valentine’s day, Cow killing vs cow vigilantes
Ethics & Morality
- Attaching judgment to values
- Determine right & wrong aspects of human action
Ethics Collective set of values prescribed by a group – organization, religion, society, culture, profession – They are externally sourced by a common set of principles a group or society believes in Morality Individual set of principles, determining right & wrong for oneself – They are internally sourced means what an individual believes in irrespective of society E vs M They are mostly complementary to each other but in some cases are antagonistic – Inter caste marriages, Doctor treating a rapist, lawyer fighting a case for a terrorist, Khap panchayat vs individual thinking, RRM Roy vs orthodox rituals
- Ethical values become moral on socialization; whereas consensus based codification of moral values become ethics
- Law – Emerges out of larger consensus + Objective in nature + Codified + Binding & Enforceable
Determinants of Values / Ethics / Morality
Individual level Family Formative stage, 1st informal stage of socialization, emotive component, collectivism & helping attitude of joint family vs economic aspirations & alienation of nuclear family School 1st formal stage of socialization, learns Discipline, Equality (EWS & Riches), Intermixing of cultures, Study of all religions Religions Refers to selfless duty – Niskamkarma, Jakat, Lunger versus exploitation of religion – Fatwa, ISIS, Saffron vigilante Peer Group Peer group pressure to sail with the flow or become an odd man out Leaders Which aspire us to be like them – Raghuram Rajan, Vinod Rai, Durga Shakti Nagpal, Abraham Lincoln Media(Print & Electronics) – Awareness vs Sensitization; Cinema – Social equality vs commodification of women Professional Minimum standard & behaviour required in a profession – Doctor, lawyer National level Which binds us in a common thread – Constitution, Common History, Common Enemy pre independence & post-independence
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